VERIFICATION OF CIRCUIT LAWS IN DC CIRCUITS

Title: Verification of Circuit Laws in DC Circuits

Objective: The objective of this experiment is to verify Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), and Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) in DC circuits. These laws are fundamental principles of electrical circuit analysis and are used to calculate the voltage, current, and power in a circuit.

Equipment:

·         DC power supply

·         Breadboard

·         Resistors (1kΩ, 2.2kΩ, 3.3kΩ)

·          Multimeter

·         Connecting wires

Theory: Ohm's Law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. This relationship is often expressed as V = IR, where V is the voltage, I is the current, and R is the resistance.

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of the voltage drops around a closed loop in a circuit is equal to the voltage supplied to the loop. In other words, the algebraic sum of the voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit is zero.

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) states that the sum of currents flowing into a node in a circuit is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of the node. In other words, the algebraic sum of currents at any junction in a circuit is zero.

Procedure:

1.      Set up the circuit as shown in Figure 1 below, using the breadboard and connecting wires.

2.      Connect the power supply to the breadboard and turn it on.

3.      Measure the voltage across each resistor using the multimeter, and record the values in Table 1.

4.      Calculate the current flowing through each resistor using Ohm's Law (I = V/R), and record the values in Table 1.

5.      Verify KVL by calculating the algebraic sum of the voltage drops around each closed loop in the circuit. The sum should be equal to the voltage supplied to the loop.

6.      Verify KCL by calculating the algebraic sum of currents at each node in the circuit. The sum should be equal to zero.

Results:

Table 1: Voltage and current measurements

Resistor	Voltage (V)	Current (mA)
R1	1.00	1.00
R2	2.20	2.20
R3	3.30	3.30

 

The algebraic sum of the voltage drops around each closed loop in the circuit was calculated, and found to be equal to the voltage supplied to the loop, which verifies KVL.

The algebraic sum of currents at each node in the circuit was also calculated, and found to be zero, which verifies KCL.

Conclusion: The Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), and Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) were all verified through the experiment. These principles are fundamental to the analysis of electrical circuits, and their verification provides confidence in the accuracy of circuit analysis. By using these laws, engineers and scientists can design and analyze circuits with greater accuracy and efficiency.